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Proto-capitalist economies and free markets became active during the Islamic Golden Age where an early market economy and a form of merchant capitalism took root between the 8th–12th centuries. A vigorous monetary economy developed, based on a widely circulated currency (the dinar) and on the integration of previously independent monetary areas. Business techniques and forms of business organisation employed during this time included: *contracts *bills of exchange *long-distance international trade *forms of partnership (''mufawada'') such as limited partnerships (''mudaraba'') *forms of credit *debt *profit *loss *capital (''al-mal'') *capital accumulation (''nama al-mal''),〔 *circulating capital *capital expenditure *revenue *cheques, *promissory notes,〔Robert Sabatino Lopez, Irving Woodworth Raymond, Olivia Remie Constable (2001), ''Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents'', Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-12357-4.〕 *trusts (see ''Waqf'') *savings accounts *transactional accounts *pawning *loaning *exchange rates *bankers *money changers *ledgers *deposits *assignments *lawsuits Organizational enterprises independent from the state also existed in the medieval Islamic world, while the agency institution was also introduced.〔Said Amir Arjomand (1999), "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century", ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' 41, pp. 263–93. Cambridge University Press.〕〔Samir Amin (1978), "The Arab Nation: Some Conclusions and Problems", ''MERIP Reports'' 68, pp. 3–14 (13 ).〕 Medieval Europe adopted and further developed many of these early capitalist concepts from the 13th century onwards.〔 〕 == See also == * Freedom and Justice Party * Islamic Free Market Institute * Minaret of Freedom Institute * Islamic socialism 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Capitalism and Islam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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